Introduction
DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid is the genetic material that contains the blueprint for all living organisms. The structure of DNA is complex and unique, and it plays a crucial role in the functioning of our body. In this article, we will discuss the chemical makeup of DNA, its structure, and how it functions.
What is DNA?
DNA is a long, thin molecule that carries genetic information. It is made up of four chemical bases, Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C). These four bases are arranged in a specific sequence to form the genetic code. The sequence of these bases determines the characteristics of an organism.
Structure of DNA
The structure of DNA is a double helix. The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between the base pairs. Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine. The backbone of the DNA molecule is made up of sugar and phosphate molecules. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, and the phosphate group is made up of phosphorus and oxygen atoms.
Function of DNA
DNA is responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information. It plays a crucial role in the functioning of our body. The genetic information stored in DNA is used to create proteins. Proteins are essential for the functioning of cells, tissues, and organs in the body.
Replication of DNA
Before a cell divides, it needs to replicate its DNA. DNA replication is a complex process that involves the unwinding of the double helix and the separation of the two strands. Each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new strand. The new strands are made up of complementary base pairs, and the process is carried out by an enzyme called DNA polymerase.
Mutations in DNA
Mutations in DNA can occur due to errors in DNA replication or exposure to mutagens such as radiation or chemicals. Mutations can have a significant impact on the functioning of the body. Some mutations can lead to genetic disorders or cancer.
Conclusion
The chemical makeup of DNA is complex and unique. It plays a crucial role in the functioning of our body. The structure of DNA is a double helix, and it is made up of four chemical bases, Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine. DNA replication is a complex process that involves the unwinding of the double helix and the synthesis of new strands. Mutations in DNA can occur due to errors in DNA replication or exposure to mutagens.
References:
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3. Watson, J. D., & Crick, F. H. (1953). Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature, 171(4356), 737–738.